Which properties of ecosystems enhance their stability against environmental perturbation, favouring the maintenance of biodiversity, is a key question of theoretical ecology. In this context, the ...

Of the symbiotic relationships, mutualism, where both species benefit from the relationship, is the most exciting form. How ...

Microorganisms –defined as very small living beings, invisible to the naked eye, comprising bacteria, fungi, viruses or others– naturally compete and cooperate in nature for survival. However, does ...

Mutualism is a way to understand our world. Instead of being stuck by the enormity of the world’s problems, mutualism enables us to uncover existing local solutions whose growth is centered on ...

You can feel it when you walk into a mutualist space for the first time—whether it’s a worker cooperative in North Carolina, a community garden, a labor-housing cooperative, a cohousing group in New ...

A golden crown flying fox, one of many species of bats, is a keystone species that helps fertilize the forest with its droppings. Keystone species helps define an entire ecosystem Without keystone ...

Reakirt's blue butterflies were moving among the flower heads of white clover in my lawn. I presumed that they were nectaring, but I watched closely and discovered that they were ovipositing. They ...

As economists and theorists circle around the idea of the “future of capitalism,” the old-new concept of “mutualism” is emerging from the bottom up, as the next “ism” beyond capitalism that provides ...

In nature, species will sometimes form unexpectedly close bonds and work to their mutual benefit. Symbiotic relationships are the close associations formed between pairs of species. They come in a ...

It’s well known that pollinators give us our favorite foods, from strawberries to sunflower seeds. But less familiar is what drives pollination: Mutualism. It’s an interaction between two individuals ...

Mutualism is a libertarian form of market socialism. It is most associated with Pierre-Joseph Proudhon, the first person to call himself an anarchist. However, he did not invent the term but rather ...